Reflection
Inspirations from a research visit: A sociologist in an integrative medicine research community
by Pia Vuolanto1
1Research Center for Science, Technology and Innovation Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland.
Cite as: Vuolanto, P. (2026). Inspirations from a research visit: A sociologist in an integrative medicine research community. THE MIND Bulletin on Mind-Body Medicine Research, 10(1), 5-8. https://doi.org/10.61936/themind/202603132
Abstract
This is a short reflection from a sociologist visiting in Institute for Integrative Health Care and Health Promotion at Witten-Herdecke University in Germany.
Introduction
I am a Finnish sociologist, and my fields of research are sociology of science, higher education studies, health sociology as well as sociology of professions and expertise. I am working at the
Tampere Center for Science, Technology and Innovation Studies, called TaSTI, situated at Tampere University, Finland. I identify myself as a scholar in science and technology studies, often
referred to with the acronym STS, but doing research with an interdisciplinary mind.
I am also a healthcare professional, with a little bit of experience in neurological, rehabilitation and emergency nursing, although that was already a long time ago. I have been interested in
the struggles, debates and status of new research fields, and I began with studying my own field, nursing research, which in Finland was established at universities in the 1980s.
Beginning with controversies
There were two interesting controversies in Finnish nursing research in mid-1990s, which interested me so much that I did my doctoral thesis on them (Vuolanto 2013 and 2018). The controversies
were around two therapies: fasting and therapeutic touch. Both could be considered to belong to complementary and alternative medicine or CAM. The controversies were about some societal actors
excluding studies on these therapies from the emerging field of nursing research.
After defending my thesis, I discovered that there are sociologists interested in such therapies, in therapies that are ‘on the outskirts’ of healthcare professional knowledge production. With a
group of interested colleagues, I did a literature review on how these kinds of therapies have been formerly studied in Finland (in Finnish).
It appeared that very little had been studied in our country and that the research was not organized in any way, so it was single individuals at different times being interested in these
therapies. I became more deeply interested in these therapies as a research focus and did studies on the use of CAM (Kemppainen et al. 2017), CAM therapists, healthcare professionals’ attitudes
towards CAM, and the history of CAM debates in Finland.
STS-CAM networking
Then I found two colleagues, Caragh Brosnan and Jenny-Ann Brodin Danell from the STS field who were, like me, keen on studying CAM from STS perspectives. Caragh is currently working in Newcastle
University, Australia and Jenny-Ann in Umeå University, Sweden. We edited a book on this (Brosnan et al. 2018), involving scholars in different countries and did some studies together, e.g. on
the publication activities of CAM with bibliometric methods (Danell et al. 2020 and 2019) and on the ‘salutogenic gaze’ of the CAM practitioners (Brosnan et al. 2023).
Now, we continue our collaboration with building a theoretical basis for STS-CAM, and specifically, for studies on the emergence of CAM as a research field. As a fruit of this collaboration, I
got funding from the Research Council of Finland for five years for a project ‘A comparative study on the development of complementary and alternative medicine as a research field’ (link to
project webpage).
A visit to Witten
Within this project, it became possible for me to explore some of the most prominent research centers in the CAM field in Germany, Italy, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. In February 2026, I had
the opportunity to visit the Institute for Integrative Health Care and Health Promotion at Witten-Herdecke University in Germany. In German, the name of the unit is Institut für Integrative
Gesundheitsversorgung und Gesundheitsförderung (IGVF).
During my one-week research visit, I worked at IGVF premises, collecting interviews and other materials, including reports, webpage information, research articles and books. I also visited a
primary health care unit, Universitätsambulanz für Integrative Gesundheitsversorgung und Naturheilkunde, where much of IGVF research is being conducted and implemented. Fieldwork proved very
fruitful and the discussions with IGVF researchers were very inspiring.
Inspirations: terms
One of the inspirations at IGVF were discussions on the concept of TCIM, which I had gradually started to use instead of the concept ‘complementary and alternative medicine’ or CAM (or its more
comprehensive and inclusive form ‘traditional, complementary and alternative medicine’ or TCAM). The terms CAM and TCAM are perhaps used most often among sociologists of health and medicine (e.g.
Gale 2014, Brosnan et al. 2018), the work which forms the backbone of my research.
However, a sociologist needs to be sensitive to the terms used in the field she studies and be ready to adapt to concepts used by the research participants and even create new concepts. When my
visit to IGVF took place, I was in the middle of fieldwork trips in Germany, analysing fieldwork in Norway and as well as continuing the close-up analysis of the Finnish discussions, and
simultaneously preparing my fieldwork for Sweden and Switzerland. I had felt that the concept CAM or even TCAM was too limited and not used by the participants of my research.
Instead, many of them preferred to talk about ‘integrative medicine’ and indeed, also IGVF focuses its research on integrative medicine, or, more specifically (but not limited to), mind-body
medicine and its integration to primary healthcare settings. So, it seemed to be fair to talk about TCIM instead of CAM or TCAM.
However, at IGVF it seemed that there was no problem about complementary in TCIM, but integrative was the preferred term. The subtle inconvenience that I sensed here was with ‘traditional’.
However, I try to find concepts that would align to international health sociological and anthropological research on the phenomenon as well as somehow fit into discussions about its European and
global governance. This is why the term TCIM seems rather good, at least for now.
Inspirations: boundary making
More inspirations came from discussions about what was to be included in TCIM (in case this concept was to be used). In Germany, there are German-originated TCIM traditions, such as
anthroposophic medicine and homeopathy, but also Asian-originated ones, such as Chinese and ayurvedic medicine, and North American-originated ones, like mind-body medicine.
When discussing with IGVF researchers, it was evident that there exist many division lines between these traditions. Namely, the traditions may be valued differently, and some of the researchers
may see some traditions as more scientific and others as less scientific, even unscientific.
For me as a social scientist, it is important to recognize and identify such boundary making, because it helps me understand TCIM’s potential internal tensions and debates. Drawing boundaries on
what is to be included and what excluded are typical for new scientific fields, and an essential part in forming their image in the academic community (Vuolanto 2013).
Inspirations: research environment
Also, an inspiring element about visiting IGVF was the team’s commitment to forming a good research environment for themselves and their visitors. Established in 2018, IGVF is comprised of about
10-12 researchers. Some of them are full-time researchers, some part-time, some with permanent contracts, some with temporary ones. IGVF seemed a supportive and inspiring research
environment.
Sense of community is very important for new research fields, especially to handle pressures and expectations to knowledge production from the outside. For TCIM as a research field, societal,
professional and healthcare system level expectations seem very strong (Danell 2018).
These expectations could influence many aspects of research, such as research funding opportunities, career advancement of young scholars and continuation of research centers. Some societal
actors, like the skepticism movement, may try to undermine TCIM’s position in the academy (Vuolanto and Kolehmainen 2020). At IGVF, focusing their research on mind-body medicine, researchers also
include relaxation and mindfulness exercises in their daily routines, which I see as a community building activity that could help with managing the everyday pressures of academic life. I thank
the IGVF community for the warm, welcoming and inspiring research stay!
Author Contributions: Vuolanto is the sole author of this text.
Funding: The research is funding by the Research Council of Finland.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
References
Brosnan, C., Vuolanto, P., & Brodin Danell, J.-A. (2018). Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Knowledge Production and Social Transformation. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73939-7
Brosnan, C., Tickner, C., Davies, K., Heinsch, M., Steel, A., & Vuolanto, P. (2023). The salutogenic gaze: Theorising the practitioner role in complementary and alternative medicine consultations. Sociology of Health and Illness, 45(5), 1008-1027. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13629
Danell, J.-A. B., Danell, R., & Vuolanto, P. (2020). Fifty Years of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM): a Bibliometric Analysis of Publication Activity and General Content of the Publications. Journal of Scientometric Research, 9(3), 268-276. https://doi.org/10.5530/jscires.9.3.34
Danell, J.-A. B., Danell, R., & Vuolanto, P. (2019). Scandinavian research on complementary and alternative medicine: A bibliometric study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494819834099
Danell, J-A Brodin. (2018). Translation of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Swedish Politics. In C. Brosnan et al. (eds). Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Knowledge Production and Social Transformation. Palgrave, 165-191. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73939-7
Gale, N. (2014). The Sociology of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Sociology Compass, 8(6), 805–822. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12182
Kemppainen, L., Kemppainen, T., Reippainen, J., Salmenniemi, S., & Vuolanto, P. (2017). Use of complementary and alternative medicine in Europe: Health-related and sociodemographic determinants. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817733869
Vuolanto, P., & Kolehmainen, M. (2020). Gendered Boundary-work within the Finnish skepticism movement. Science Technology and Human Values. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243920947475
Vuolanto, P. (2018). The Incompatibility Between Social Worlds in Complementary and Alternative Medicine: The Case of Therapeutic Touch. In C. Brosnan, P. Vuolanto, & J.-A. Brodin Danell (Toimittajat), Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Knowledge Production and Social Transformation, 59-84. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73939-7_3
Vuolanto, P. (2013). Boundary-Work and the Vulnerability of Academic Status: the Case of Finnish Nursing Science. (Acta Universitatis Tamperensis; Nro 1867). Tampere University Press. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-44-9255-6
