Review
Six pillars of lifestyle medicine within the Integrative Oncology Consultation and its potential role of modern scientific oncology
by Hannah M. Figura1, Paul G. Werthmann1, Ann-Kathrin Lederer1 and Klaus Kramer1
1Section Integrative Medicine, Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Germany
Cite as: Figura, H.H., Werthmann, P.G., Lederer, A. & Kramer, K. (2026). Six pillars of lifestyle medicine within the Integrative Oncology Consultation and its potential role of modern scientific oncology. THE MIND Bulletin on Mind-Body Medicine Research, 10(1), 37-44. https://doi.org/10.61936/themind/202603138
Abstract
Integrative oncology is an evidence-based, lifestyle-oriented approach designed to alleviate the side effects of cancer and standard oncological treatments. More and more patients seek holistic approaches in addition to conventional medical treatment. For this reason, an integrative oncology consultation service has been established at Ulm University Hospital. The service aims to improve patients' health literacy and empower them to actively participate in their care by providing evidence-based guidance on supportive, self-managed interventions.
Keywords: Integrative oncology, consultation, lifestyle medicine
The Integrative Oncology Consultation (IOC) at Ulm University Hospital (UKU) enables cancer patients to experience evidence based integrative medicine. The service meets the desire of patients to
benefit from the achievements of modern scientific medicine while also receiving holistic treatment (ASCO 2020 National Cancer Opinions Survey). Tailored to the needs of patients, a consultation
on the six pillars of lifestyle medicine takes place over the course of 3-5 appointments (1.5 hours each) (Cohen & Jefferies, 2018).
The six pillars of lifestyle medicine according to Lorenzo Cohen (MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA)
1. Social relationships and partnerships:
A systematic review by Singh and colleagues (2023) identified health, hope, and harmony (including nurturing social relationships) as three universal core pillars that determine happiness in all
cultures (Singh et al., 2023). In breast cancer patients, structural support from social networks appears to be more strongly associated with a slower progression of the disease than
emotional/instrumental support. In addition, people with positive social relationships are not only happier, but also lead healthier lives, which has an impact down to the cellular level
(Nausheen et al., 2009). The consultations therefore consider the patient's social environment including family members, friends and other important relationships. The involvement of these
support persons is encouraged to enhance patient well-being and engagement.
2. Sleep and recovery:
Sleep in accordance with natural rhythms plays a key role in human regulatory systems for health and healing (Dibner et al., 2010). Poor regeneration leads to suppression of the immune system and
contributes to diseases such as cancer (Zeng et al., 2024). Cancer patients can recover through mindful exercise sessions such as Yoga und Tai Chi and Qigong (Chaoul et al., 2018; Irwin et al.,
2017). In cases of cancer-related fatigue (CRF), psychosocial interventions in groups and cognitive training had a greater impact on cardiovascular fitness (Haussmann et al., 2022). Acupressure
points for sleep disorders can be easily taught in a practical manner during consultation hours (Cheung et al., 2023). Naturopathic interventions such as wraps and foot baths can support
restorative sleep (Jiang et al., 2024).
3. Stress and stress management:
Stress modulates biological processes associated with cancer risk and disease progression (Mathur et al., 2016). Stress management is possible through positive health behaviours and the use of
relaxation techniques (Bär & Blasco, 2016; Bhasin et al., 2013). Gentle forms of exercise, progressive muscle relaxation, mindfulness-based stress reduction, autogenic training, and massages
are recommended (Carlson et al., 2019; Greenlee et al., 2017; Hidderley & Holt, 2004; Tan et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2024). Integrative nursing interventions have positive effects on sleep
quality and reduce depression and anxiety in cancer patients (Erfina et al., 2024). Therefore, patients are also taught how to perform external applications such as wraps themselves to support
relaxation and well-being.
4. Nutrition and planetary health conform diet:
Interactions between genetic and environmental factors, including nutrition, can lead to the development of oncological diseases (Barreira, 2021). The diet in the industrialized world is
increasingly processed, high in sugar and saturated fats, and often lacking in essential vitamins and minerals, leading to a variety of adverse health consequences. A natural, plant-based,
Mediterranean wholefood diet is recommended (Dinu et al., 2018; Schwingshackl et al., 2017; Turati et al., 2019). However, general dietary recommendations are not always appropriate for the
specific cancer diagnosis and comorbidities (Arends et al., 2017). Cancer and cancer treatments can cause side effects that may affect taste, smell, appetite, and the amount of food consumed or
the ability to absorb nutrients from food. Within the IOC, highly individualized dietary recommendations can be made, considering conventional therapy, treatment-related side effects, and the
patient’s personal preferences. Dietary history can be assessed and monitored during follow-up appointments.
5. Exercise and autonomous regulation:
Exercise has an impact on all cancer characteristics, reducing proliferative signalling, immune function, and inflammation regulation (Ballard-Barbash et al., 2012; Meneses-Echávez et al., 2016;
Ruiz-Casado et al., 2017). Cancer survivors who engage in moderate exercise have improved survival, enhanced quality of life, and a reduced risk of cancer recurrence and secondary cancers
(Buffart et al., 2017; Demark-Wahnefried et al., 2012). Mindfulness-based movement techniques such as Yoga postures, Tai Chi and Qigong are a moderate option (Bower et al., 2014; Jahnke et al.,
2010; Lucas et al., 2018). In addition, an exercise program specifically tailored to the course of the disease and treatment were developed for cancer patients and implemented in the
patient-centered integrativ-medicine day clinic at UKU. The consultation provides an opportunity to explore patients’ individual exercise preferences and to support motivation and engagement in
physical activity. In addition, the perception of strength and warmth balance are monitored in connection with the disease and recovery process.
6. Environment and naturopathy:
To escape the concentrated environmental pollutants in cities and the constant sensory overload, lifestyle medicine recommends nature-based activities (Costa E Silva & Steffen, 2019; Nguyen
et al., 2023). Examples of nature-based interventions (NBIs) include forest bathing, gardening, green exercise, and nature viewing (Bikomeye et al., 2022). Experiencing the relationship with the
environment as part of the lifestyle pillars is relevant to the development and progression of physical or mental illnesses (pathogenesis) as well as to the development of personal resources
(salutogenesis) (Cohen & Jefferies, 2018; Mittelmark, 2022).
Beyond the six pillars of health, the consultation takes into account subjective feelings of strength and heat balance (Kröz et al., 2011). The loss of trait autonomic regulation has been
demonstrated in various medical conditions such as breast cancer (Bettermann et al., 2001). In addition, autonomic dysregulation is associated with sleep problems and a general feelings of poor
health (Muenter et al., 2000). Depending on the indication, information about mistletoe therapy is provided in accordance with the guidelines for oncology (Langer, 2024; Selg, 2018). Subcutaneous
mistletoe therapy, is reported to be safe in combination with other tumor therapies with mild to moderate side effect profile (Schad et al., 2017; Steele et al., 2014a, 2014b, 2015). Mistletoe
preparations are the most commonly used complementary approaches for cancer in Germany (Onkologische Krankenpflege, 2017).
Since 2024, the consultation concept has been under continuous scientific evaluation, considering self-determination and patient value (Werthmann et al., 2024). The data from the accompanying
PRIO (PRospective Integrative Oncology) study is incorporated into the new integrative medicine registry (PRIO registry). The IOC complies with the guidelines/recommendations of the Oncology
Guidelines Program for the implementation of naturopathy in cancer therapy (Langer, 2024). The overarching goal is to pursue the objectives of the WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2025–2034
(Who, 2025).
Conclusion
The integrative oncology consultation at Ulm University Hospital focuses on lifestyle-oriented approaches in accordance with patients’ individual values. Based on Lorenzo Cohen's “Mix of Six”,
lifestyle measures in integrative oncology that influence health are communicated over the course of 3-5 appointments. In line with Antonovsky's understanding of the sense of coherence, patients
have the opportunity to experience themselves as influential in their illness or recovery process. Overall, the IOC at Ulm University Hospital demonstrates a patient-centred, evidence-based
approach to supportive cancer care, aiming to enhance quality of life, empower patients in self-management, and integrate complementary strategies into standard oncology practice.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, H.M.F., P.G.W., K.K.; writing—original draft preparation, H.M.F..; writing—review and editing, P.G.W., A.K.L.; All authors have read and agreed to this
version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external project-specific funding. The section integrative medicine is supported by the Software AG Stiftung.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: No data was used in this commentary article.
Acknowledgments: None.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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